many cases enabled designers to produce aeroplane parts from
less costly material than had previously been considered
necessary, without impairing the strength
An important result of this experimental work was that it in
many cases enabled designers to produce aeroplane parts from
less costly material than had previously been considered
necessary, without impairing the strength. It may be mentioned
that it was found undesirable to use welded joints on aircraft
in any part where the material is subjectto a tensile or bending
load, owing to the danger resulting from bad workmanship causing
the material to become brittle–an effect which cannot be
discovered except by cutting through the weld, which, of course,
involves a test to destruction. Written, as it has been, in
August, 1920, it is impossible in this chapter to give any
conception of how the developments of War will be applied to
commercial aeroplanes, as few truly commercial machines have yet
been designed, and even those still show distinct traces of the
survival of war mentality. When, however, the inevitable
recasting of ideas arrives, it will become evident, whatever the
apparent modification in the relative importance of different
aspects of design, that enormous advances were made under the
impetus of War which have left an indelible mark on progress.

indifference
At once the Western Union awoke from its
indifference. Even this tiny nibbling at its business
must be stopped. It took action quickly
and organized the ‘American Speaking-Telephone
Company,’ with $300,000 capital, and
with three electrical inventors, Edison, Gray, and
Dolbear, on its staff. With all the bulk of its
great wealth and prestige, it swept down upon
Bell and his little bodyguard. It trampled upon
Bell”s patent with as little concern as an elephant
can have when he tramples upon an ant”s nest.
To the complete bewilderment of Bell, it coolly
announced that it had ‘the only original telephone,’
and that it was ready to supply ’superior
telephones with all the latest improvements
made by the original inventors–Dolbear, Gray,
and Edison.’

existence, and while a few of them may be in use, they are not
manufactured at present
The grounded-circuit switchboard has practically passed out of
existence, and while a few of them may be in use, they are not
manufactured at present. The reason for this is that while many
grounded circuits are still in use, there are very few places where
there are not some metallic-circuit lines, and while the
grounded-circuit switchboard will not serve for metallic-circuit
lines, the metallic-circuit switchboard will serve equally well for
either metallic-circuit or grounded lines, and will interconnect them
with equal facility. This fact will be made clear by a consideration
of Figs. 276, 277, and 278.

the ‘diameter over insulation,’ which it states at the outset for each
of four different kinds of covering, it is evident what is meant by
‘turns per linear inch
Bearing in mind that the calculations of Table IV are all based upon
the ‘diameter over insulation,’ which it states at the outset for each
of four different kinds of covering, it is evident what is meant by
‘turns per linear inch.’ The columns referring to ‘turns per square
inch’ mean the number of turns, the ends of which would be exposed in
one square inch if the wound coil were cut in a plane passing through
the axis of the core. Knowing the distance between the head, and the
depth to which the coil is to be wound, it is easy to select a size of
wire which will give the required number of turns in the provided
space. It is to be noted that the depth of winding space is one-half
of the difference between the core diameter and the complete diameter
of the wound coil. The resistance of the entire volume of wound wire
may be determined in advance by knowing the total cubic contents of
the winding space and multiplying this by the ohms per cubic inch of
the selected wire; that is, one must multiply in inches the distance
between the heads of the spool by the difference between the squares
of the diameters of the core and the winding space, and this in turn
by .7854. This result, times the ohms per cubic inch, as given in the
table, gives the resistance of the winding.

Mr. Lake has also designed and built a submarine torpedo-boat that will
travel on the surface, under the waves, or on the bottom; provided with
both gasoline and electric power, and, fitted with torpedo discharge
tubes, she will be able to throw a submarine torpedo; her diver could
attach a charge of dynamite to the keel of an anchored warship, or she
could do great damage by hooking up cables through her diver”s trap door
and cutting them, and by setting adrift anchored torpedoes and submarine
mines.

Other gases have been and are now being used in the torch. None of them,
however, produce the heat that acetylene does, and therefore the
oxy-acetylene process has proved the most useful of all. Hydrogen was used
for many years before acetylene was introduced in this field. The
oxy-hydrogen flame develops a heat far below that of oxy-acetylene, namely
4500 Fahrenheit. Coal gas, benzine gas, blaugas and others have also been
used in successful applications, but for the present we will deal
exclusively with the acetylene fuel.

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confronts the flying man of to-day, namely, landing effectively,
and his remarks on this subject would be instructive even to an
air pilot of these days: “Now the ways and means by which the
speed is slackened at the end of a flight are these
He concerns himself also with the most difficult problem that
confronts the flying man of to-day, namely, landing effectively,
and his remarks on this subject would be instructive even to an
air pilot of these days: “Now the ways and means by which the
speed is slackened at the end of a flight are these. The bird
spreads its wings and tail so that their concave surfaces are
perpendicular to the direction of motion; in this way, the
spreading feathers, like a ship”s sail, strike against the still
air, check the speed, and so that most of the impetus may be
stopped, the wings are flapped quickly and strongly forward,
inducing a contrary motion, so that the bird absolutely or very
nearly stops.”

of sunlight, we do not find red simple red, yellow yellow, etc
When we examine the assemblage of colors spread from the white ray
of sunlight, we do not find red simple red, yellow yellow, etc.,
but there is a vast number of fine microscopic lines of various
lengths, parallel–here near together, there far apart, always the
same number and the same relative distance, when the same light
and prism are used. What new alphabets to new realms of knowledge
are these! Remember, that what we call colors are only various
numbers of vibrations of ether. Remember, that every little group in
the infinite variety of these vibrations may be affected differently
from every other group. One number of these is bent by the prism
to where we see what we call the violet, another number to the
place we call red. All of the vibrations are destroyed when they
strike a surface we call black. A part of them are destroyed when
they strike a substance we call colored. The rest are
reflected, and give the impression of color. In one place on the
flag of our nation all vibrations are destroyed except the red; in
another, all but the blue. Perhaps on that other gorgeous flag, not
of our country but of our sun, the flag we call the solar spectrum,
all vibrations are destroyed where these dark lines appear. Perhaps
this effect is not produced by the surface upon which the rays fall,
but by some specific substance in the sun. This is just the truth.
Light passing through vapor of sodium has the vibrations that would
fall on two narrow lines in the yellow utterly destroyed, leaving
two black spaces. Light passing through vapor of burning iron has
some four hundred numbers or kinds of vibrations destroyed, leaving
that number of black lines; but if the salt or iron be glowing gas,
in the source of the light itself the same lines are bright instead
of dark.

subject but to confine this chapter to an exposition
of a few of the gliders and model forms which
are found to be most efficient for experimental
work
It is not our purpose to give a treatise on this
subject but to confine this chapter to an exposition
of a few of the gliders and model forms which
are found to be most efficient for experimental
work.